New Customer Essays - Economy, Business, Accounting Software

New Customer BSA 310 New Customer New Customer. New Vendor. New Payment. New Deposit. New Expense Report. Pay Statement Report. Private company bookkeeping programming offers numerous advantages . The product plays out all capacities , and calcula tions are done consequently also the procedure goes a lot quicker. For example, the shipper is gone into the framework once and afterward starting there on you utilize that information to process future installments to that seller without re-composing the data. Other than the pace of changing accounting data, an other point of convergence of little business accounting writing computer programs is the manner in which it orchestrates cash related information. The data is saved and sifted through in a specific way, which isn't hard to find. For example if you have to know whether a specific bill was paid, look it toward the structure and it will tell you when the bill was paid, the check number and another bits of knowledge about the dealer - all sifted through in one spot. If you lose a receipt or a bill, information about it might even now be found in the framework. You can pass on duplicate receipts easily. Rather than flipping through papers, you can scan for information that is taken care of in an exact way. A substitute inclination of using accounting programming for little business is the simplicity of tasks. On a very basic level, accounting programming could be amazingly sensible and an inconceivable worth. Expenses for getting ready should furthermore be thought of, anyway they are ordinarily moderate for the little business person. In case you are hesitant to get new programming considering the way that your machine is old and sensitive, consider using on the web variations of the item, where you go online to use and recuperation your data, not using your hard drive. Intuit is advancing this organization for Quickbooks, called Quickbooks Online. Do not neglect the sum you will save in appraisal arranging reliably, when your information is totally formed, arranged to-go and not in manual areas or in shoe boxes.

Theories of Myth Essays

Speculations of Myth Essays Speculations of Myth Essay Speculations of Myth Essay Rathi Krishnan Life has a start, center, and end. As all individuals will never recognize what part of the start, center, or end that is as of now. The cutting edge will have similar legends given to them through the progenitors. Legends will consistently be a piece of life for whatever length of time that there is life. Fantasies are dreams and dreams are stories that have been advised to others with trusts that individuals accept. Legends are to be more reasonable than a fantasy. A great many people accept that fantasies can work out. At the point when individuals have confidence in the legend of the Deus Faber, at that point individuals trust Deus Faber is the Maker God. It expresses that â€Å"the Maker God was the draftsman, craftsman or, craftsperson. † He was additionally â€Å"the Maker, Modeler, Mother-Father of life. † The breath provider of humankind and all the carrier and begetter can give. The three unique fantasies that I will discuss is the Secretion fantasy the Accretion or Conjunction provision. As the third I have just utilized the Deus Faber legend. In the Secretion legend individuals accept seas were originated from peeing and earth was from surrendering and celestial emission made man. Accumulation or Conjunction cause: When the components were changing the breeze began to become thicker and made the mists. They additionally accept the creatures speak to the long periods of each person’s birth year. The armpits of a goliath perspired and birthed man. Will ever know reality with regards to how man and earth became animated, I don't know. Albeit each culture has its convictions and follows those convictions, as they are instructed. The etiological fantasy clarifies how creation occurred before the pre-logical age and the time of record keeping. Each culture and individuals lives by what that culture says and instructs. As the world develops the more culture and fantasies start to develop. The Chinese culture is permitted to have two kids and if they somehow happened to have more youngsters, they need to pick one kid to surrender for selection. They generally surrender the young ladies on the grounds that the young men are to deal with the guardians once they become too old to even think about taking consideration of themselves. For quite a long time youngsters have been trained that the Bible is the expression of God. With every single other legend individuals are persuaded that fantasies happen despite the fact that progenitors may have gone down things that have occurred previously, individuals can just pass by what individuals are told and accept the manner in which individuals are educated. I do accept that God made paradise and earth, however it doesn't tell how it was done in six days. The Bible doesn't tell where man originated from, yet it tells individuals Eve originated from Adams rib. In taking a gander at all of the fantasies there are numerous difficult to accept. At that point there are the way of life that would say the equivalent regarding what individuals trust in. What we ought to do is attempt to take a gander at the convictions of indistinguishable societies from they have confidence in them today. My response to that would be no in light of the fact that there are simply beyond any reasonable amount to recognize what or where reality lies. Legends are an unavoidable truth and can be discovered any place life takes them. Fantasies are likewise intriguing to tune in to as they contrast with each culture and the individual telling the legend. Fantasies will be around until the finish of time. Regardless of what happens similar fantasies will on from age to age always until the downfall of man. This is an age of individuals who couldn't care less to know anything about legends or anecdotes about how man came to earth. Life will keep on going ahead and the appropriate responses may never be known. Every one of that individuals need to do is live their lives in harmony. Taking everything into account, individuals need to accept what they are instructed by their progenitors. Fantasies are dreams of numerous individuals and advised the legends with their expansion to the fantasy of how people were made. References lt;a href= jrank. organization/societies/pages/5185/Creation. htmlgt;Creation kosmos, gonos, Vishnu, Purana, deus faber, ex nihilo, sipapu, Atharva Veda, Upanishads, faylusuflt;/agt;

What Essay Samples Can You Learn About?

What Essay Samples Can You Learn About?There are many different types of essay samples, and a lot of different sources for these essays. In fact, there are many different styles of writing that you can study, including essay samples from different writers. The author of this article will be looking at several of the more popular writers and their essays and giving you some tips on how to choose the right essay for your writing needs.One of the most traditional types of writing is the academic essay. These essays are usually required for many different levels of education and are written in large blocks of type. Often, students will start writing a block and do not even consider what style of the essay they will use in order to work through the piece. However, with an academic essay, there are many different ways you can use to learn about the various styles of writing.One of the most well-known types of essay samples is the textbook style essay. This essay is usually written by using blocks of text, many of which are longer than normal, and in many cases, it will not even look like a standard essay. Using this style, you can learn about the various styles of punctuation, grammar, and style in a fairly simple way.You can also try another style of essay, called a 'personal essay.' This essay, written by a student, is very similar to an academic style essay, but instead of the entire piece being delivered to the reader, it is delivered to the reader individually. For this style, there are several books, including one by Ayn Rand, that give the structure of this style of essay.Other essays, also called fictional essays, are a way for students to write something that they have personally experienced. This type of essay, called an 'emotional essay,' can include things like an experience in school, or even a loss. Using this style, you can learn about the different styles of writing, how to express emotions, and even how to incorporate a personal experience into your essay.Another of the most popular types of essay samples is the essay that is based on events that the author has experienced in real life. Some of the most famous essays that include an experience in real life, such as the essay by Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, has become the basis for many educational and business writing projects. By studying these essay samples, you can learn about how to integrate your own personal experiences into your essay.There are many different kinds of essay samples, including essay samples from popular writers, essay samples from academic writers, and even essays that are based on real life experiences. In order to learn the different styles of writing, it is always important to make sure that you get some practice writing these types of essays. Using sample essays that are similar to your own, and having your own experience, can help you learn the proper structure of the essay, how to introduce yourself, and how to change a paragraph s o that it reads the way you want it to.Taking some time to study some of the essay samples available, whether online or in real life, can help you learn more about the style that you are going to use in your own writing. Many writers, for example, will often have a particular style that they base their entire style on. By taking some time to study essays from different writers, you can get a better idea of how they write and you can find a style that suits you.

The Automotive Industry The Biggest Car Company Essay

Introduction Automotive Industry The automotive industry is one of the largest industry. Car prices are always going up and down. It is one of the largest economy revenue every year. When you have to get tag renewal for cars every year. â€Å"The automotive industry includes industries with the production, wholesaling, retailing, and maintenance of motor vehicles†. The first vehicles were made in China around 1672. When President Obama first came into office â€Å"the automotive industry was on the brink of collapse†. GM is one of the biggest car company. Some car companies have changed the name of the vehicles like Mazda. Every automotive company are changing the models every two years to bring attraction for consumers to buy vehicles. In 1958 â€Å"General Motors Firebird III was displayed at Motorama it had all independent suspension, four-wheel disc brakes and guidance using a wired buried in the pavement†. In 1994, GM Models had cost the average of 1.8 percent more than previous years. Ca rs were stronger back in the day when people get into accident car would not be as damaged than the cars that are made today. Every year car depreciation in price. When you do tag renewal it will tell you the value of your car. Some states require that you have insurance before you can get your license. When you purchase a car, you must pay taxes on the car every. Before you can get your tags renewed you must get an inspection that will go to the drive license tag place that is automatically putShow MoreRelatedVolkswagen As A Car Company1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe company I have chosen for my project is Volkswagen. Volkswagen is in the automotive industry. Volkswagen is a German car company that is best known for the â€Å"punch buggy† and their diesel model cars. Volkswagen mostly produces cheap to mid-priced cars. 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The masters thesis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9560 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This masters thesis concerns development of embedded control systems. Development process for embedded control systems involves several steps, such as control design, rapid prototyping, fixed-point implementation and hardware-in-the-loop-simulations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The masters thesis" essay for you Create order Another step, which Volvo is not currently using within climate control is on-line tuning. One reason for not using this technique today is that the available tools for this task (ATI Vision, INCA from ETAS or CalDesk from dSPACE) do not handle parameter dependencies in a satisfactory way. With these constraints of today, it is not possible to use online tuning and controller development process is more laborious and time consuming. The main task of this thesis is to solve the problem with parameter dependencies and to make online tuning possible. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Volvo technology (VTEC) is an innovation company that provides expert functions and develops new technology for hard as well as soft products within the transport and vehicle industry. Among other things VTEC is working with embedded control systems. For one of the embedded control systems particularly Climate Control Module (CCM), VTEC is working with the whole chain. VTEC does this for Volvo Cars, Volvo Trucks, Volvo Construction Equipment, Renault Trucks and Land Rover. The work process for embedded control system developmet is typically as follows: Control Design Rapid Control Prototyping Fixed-Point Implementation Hardwar-In-the-Loop Simulation Online Tuning. It is an iterative process, but there is one problem for the last step, which limits the possibilities of working iteratively. Control design is typically made in MATLAB/Simulink and Fixed-Point implementation is typically made with a tool such as TargetLink. During these steps the parameters may be handled in an m-file. When going to the on-line tuning step however, the parameters are handled in a tool such as ATI Vision, INCA or CalDesk. Once you have taken this step the connection to the m-file is lost. Therefore the last step is somewhat of a one-way step. It is not completely impossible to go back to the earlier steps in the development chain, but the iterative process is not well supported by available on-line tuning tools of today. The following m-script instructions are examples of parameter dependencies that will cause the mentioned problems: Heating = [ -100, -20, 0, 20, 100 ]; BlowerHt = [ 12, 5, 4, 5, 10 ]; Blower_min = min[ BlowerHt]; Defrosting = [ 0, 20, 100 ]; BlowerDef = [ Blower_min, Blower_min, 10 ]; Using the above vectors in interpolation tables, one table with Heating as input vector and BlowerHt as output vector and another table with Defrosting as input vector and BlowerDef as output vector would cause problems during on-line tuning process. Three of the elements are meant to have identical values, but the tools, as it is today would allow them to be tuned individually. This is just one of many constructs, which may be very useful as long as you are in the MATLAB environment but causes problems during the on-line tuning process. 1.2 Goals and objectives The main goals of this masters thesis are: To investigate the problem of parameter dependencies. To find possible solutions. To make online tuning possible for dependency parameters in the development process of embedded control systems.. 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2.1.1 History of Embedded Systems In the era of earliest development of computers i.e. 1930-40s, generally computers were capable of doing a single task. Over time with the advancement in technology, traditional electromechanical sequencers presented the concept of programmable controllers using solid state devices. One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.[1] After the early applications in 1960, the prices of embedded systems have come down and their processing power has been increased dramatically. A standard for programmable microcontrollers was released in 1978 by National Engineering Manufacturing Association. This standard was for almost any computer-based controllers for example event-based controllers and single board computers. When the production cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, it became feasible to replace old, big and expensive components like potentiometers and varicaps with microprocessor read knobs. With the integration of microcontrollers, the application of embedded systems has further increased. The embedded systems are being used into areas where generally computers would not have been considered. Most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself and very few additional components are needed. So because of this most effort is in software area.(last sentence is difficult to understand). 2.1.2 Common Characteristics Embedded Systems have several common characteristics. Uni-Functional: Embedded systems are usually designed to execute only one program but repeatedly. For example, an ordinary scientific calculator will always do only calculations. While on the other hand, a laptop computer can execute an enormous number of different programs, like web browsers, word processors, programming tools and video games. New programs or softwares are added very frequently. Tightly constrained: All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but these constraints can be very tight for embedded systems. A design metric is defined as, a measure of an implementations features, such as cost, size, performance, and power. Embedded systems are often desired to cost just a few dollars, they must be designed for minimum size to fit on a single chip, they must be able to perform fast processing in order to process real-time data, and they must consume minimum power in order to extend battery life or may be to prevent the requirement of a cooling fan. Reactive and real-time: Many embedded systems should be able to continually react to changes in the systems environment. They must also compute certain results in real time without too much delay. For example, a cruise controller in cars have to monitor and react to speed and brake sensors continuously. It must compute acceleration or decelerations repeatedly within quite limited time; a delay in computation of results could result in a fatal failure to maintain control of the car. On the other hand, a desktop computer generally focuses on computations with comparatively infrequent reactions to input devices. In addition, a delay in those computations may perhaps be inconvenient to the user but that does not result in a system failure. 2.2 Model Based Design Model-Based design in short MBD is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control systems. It is used in many industrial equipment designing, automotive and aerospace applications. Here in this thesis our focus is on climate control of new vehicles. This methodology is used in designing embedded software. Embedded software development consists of four steps: Modeling a plant. Analyzing and synthesizing a controller for the plant. Simulating the plant and controller. Integrating all these phases by developing the controller. Model-based design is quite different from the conventional designing method. In this methodology designer use continuous and discrete time building blocks instead of using long and complex software coding. This model based design enables designer to fast prototyping, testing and verification. Along with all these advantages, dynamic effects on the system can also be tested in hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation mode. Some important steps in model-based design approach are: By choosing appropriate algorithm and acquisition of real-world system data, various types of simulations and analysis can be performed before producing a real controller. The model produced in step one is used to identify characteristics of the plant model. Then a controller can be made based on these characteristics. Using this model, the effect of time varying inputs can be analyzed. In this way the possible errors can be eliminated and it is very convenient to change and test any other parameters. Last step is deployment. Advantages of model based design compared with the conventional approach are as follows: Model based design provides common design environment which is important for development groups from the view point of general communication and specifically for data analysis and system verification. Model based design enable engineers to detect and correct errors in early phase of development. This is crucial point for minimizing time and financial impact of system. Model based design can be reused later for upgrading and for derivative systems which are capable to expand. 2.3 ECU DEVELOPMENT 2.3.1 Conventional Approach for ECU Development The conventional approach for electronic control unit, ECU, development is summarized in following four steps: Some experienced personal define the functions and system architecture and then the hardware engineer design the hardware circuit. Control engineer design the control algorithms and a programmer generate a handwritten code for that algorithms. Then these control algorithm program codes and hardware are integrated and tested by system engineer or maybe hardware engineer. Then on the engine test bench the complete system is tested. There are few problems with this conventional approach for ECU development. First and very major problem is that the hardware circuits are made before the confirmation of control rules and results. Only this factor adds a big risk in the process of ECU development. Secondly if some error is encountered during the program code testing, it is very difficult to judge whether the error is because of software codes or in the control algorithms. This programming of the control algorithm is itself a very time consuming process and it take additional time when some errors are encountered and the process of debugging. Since many people from different field of work are involved in this process so coordination between them also take time and it makes the development cost to increase. [2] Thats why the conventional development process can not satisfy the demand of modern age and its requirements. 2.3.2 Modern ECU Development On the bases of integrated development environment, the modern development of electronic control units can be efficiently completed and tested. Using model based simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation it is very easy and convenient to eliminate software errors and to modify the control algorithms. Due to this the development cost is reduced and development efficiency is improved. This modern development process is called V-cycle development process. This process is illustrated in Ffig. 1. (when you use figures from other publications, you have to get permission from the auther. It is not enough to put a reference) Fig. 1. The V-Cycle of model-based software development. [2] This process is summarized as follows: Using very sophisticated tools like MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow and dSPACE TargetLink, the control algorithms are modeled. These control algorithms are confirmed using off-line simulations. The ANSI C code is produced using code generation tool. The one we are using is dSPACE TargetLink. The code produced in above step is compiled and downloaded into the control module and simulation is done in Hardware-in-the-loop mode, which confirms the credibility of the control algorithms. This tested program code of control algorithms is downloaded into the electronic control unit for further test and modification. Finally calibration of the whole control system is done. 2.4 Universal measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP) XCP is a standardized and universally applicable protocol with much rationalization potential. It is not only used in ECU development, calibration and programming, it is also used to integrate any desired measurement equipment for prototype development, functional development with bypassing and at SIL(define) and HIL(define) test stands.[16] For calibration and measurements, it is common practice to connect electronic control units in a *CAN* network. For this purpose CAN calibration protocol is used extensively. With increasing demands of more sophisticated controllers, new electronic control units are becoming more and more complex and for that reason new networks are being developed such as, FlexRay, TTCAN etc.(give references) To meet the needs of new networks, the measurement and calibration protocol should be more generalized and flexible. This generalized and flexible protocol is XCP (Universal measurement and calibration protocol). XCP is independent of transport layers. So in XCP, X generalizes the various transport layers that * Details about CAN are provided in Appendix A. are used by the members of the protocol family e.g. [9] XCP on CAN XCP on FlexRay XCP on Ethernet XCP on USB and so on (you have to refere to each figure) Fig. 2. XCP support for different transport layers [10]. 3 PROBLEM INVESTIGATION This chapter will give answers to the following questions: What is parameter dependency problem? What is the effect of parameter dependency problem on tuning of embedded control systems? What are the difficulties to solve the problem at different platforms? Note: All examples used in this report are only for illustration purposes and are NOT the actual parameters used in climate control module of Volvo Cars and Volvo Trucks. 3.1 Complete process for developing embedded control systems The complete process for developing embedded control systems is illustrated in Ffig. 3. First step of this development process is to define parameters and that can be done in the m-file. These parameter values are loaded into MATLAB base workspace from where TargetLink/Simulink model fetches these values to simulate the process. After checking the simulation results and doing some modifications if required, C-code is generated by TargetLink. That C-code contains all the information about the control algorithm and input values. In the next step the auto-generated C-code is compiled using a Green Hills Suite. Fig. 3. Complete Production(rapid prototyping process?) Process. Green Hills software together with GNU Make and VBF converter is used to generate a map file and VBF file (Volvo Binary Format). This vbf file is downloaded in the embedded controller. The map file is used to generate A2L file using TargetLink. This A2L file is required by the calibration tool (for this project ATI VISION is used for calibration) and then using this calibration tool we can do parameters modifications in ECU. These modifications are also called tuning. 3.2 Parameter Dependency As all parameters are defined in a m-file, some parameters depend on the values of some other parameters. It may also be possible that the values obtained as a result of calculation between two or more parameters are used in the definition of other parameters. So, all those parameters which contain some other parameters or calculations of some other parameters in their definitions are called dependent parameters e.g. In above example parameters: Parameter 2 is dependent on parameter 1. Parameter 4 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3. Parameter 6 is dependent on parameter 2 and 3. 3.3 Reasons for introducing parameter dependencies Thinking of parameter dependencies a question may arise in minds that, Why do we need to introduce parameter dependencies at the first place? Answer to this question is that, when designing a control algorithm in a tool such as Simulink, it is convenient to use named parameters (variables) instead of hard coded numbers (constants). For instance, if the highest fan available corresponds to a voltage of 13.5V. Designer may want to have a parameter for this, so that instead of using the value 13.5 at many instances of algorithm, the name of parameter specified for that value can be used. If one day that hardware is needed to be changed and for new hardware 13.4V is the maximum that can be used for highest fan level, then it is easier to change one parameter value rather than changing many hard coded values at different instances. Sometimes it is good to have one parameter depending on another. For instance in a look-up table, there are several values in each vector and these values may depend on other parameters. It would be rather limiting if a vector or a matrix could only contains hard coded numbers. So, the use of dependent parameters helps keeping a good structure in the algorithm. It makes easier to work with the parameters. 3.4 Statistics about parameter dependency There are quite significant numbers of parameters which are dependent on other parameters. For instance in Climate Control P3, total number of parameters is 1618 out of which 227 parameters are dependent on other parameters and 1391 parameters are independent. We call independent parameters as Base Parameters. Fig.4 Percent of Dependent parameters 3.5 Parameter dependency problem in development process To analyze the problem of parameter dependency, lets walk through the development process of embedded control systems and find out what exactly is the problem with parameter dependencies. As the process starts with parameter definitions in m-file, so the investigation starts from m-file, see Fig. 5.. To visualize this process, an illustration with an example of parameter with dependencies in its definition is shown as follows: Fig.5. Example of parameter definition in m-file. After defining all parameters, the m-file is run in MATLAB. In this step all the values of dependency parameters are evaluated by MATLAB and are loaded into MATLAB base workspace. Precisely during this loading process the dependencies are replaced by their values and any information about the relation of a parameter with dependency parameter is lost. Fig.6. Dependency loss in MATLAB base workspace. As now the dependency information is lost, so this loss will propagate through all the further steps, for example in C-code generation, A2L file and in strategy(?) file. Following F fig 7. shows that the propagation of dependency information loss. So in C-code there is no information with the help of which we can trace dependency parameters. Fig.7 Propagation of dependency loss from MATLAB to C-code. 3.6 Effect of parameter dependencies on development process The problem caused by parameter dependencies comes to the surface during the calibration step. During calibration the values of parameters are tuned. When the information of parameter dependencies is lost, then we have to tune each parameter value individually. This is shown in the Ffollowing fig 8. Fig.8. Effect of dependency loss on development process. So if a parameter is used, for instance, in the definitions of five different parameters, then we have to tune the value of that parameter at those five locations individually. If there is any calculation involved in any parameter definition, then we must do it manually and update the value. This process of changing values manually is very time consuming and error prone. There is another possibility that to avoid doing these calculations and tuning parameter values individually. We can change the parameter values in the original m-file, where we have all parameter definitions and repeat the complete process again. This is very laborious work and it also takes a lot of time, so this possibility is not so feasible. 4 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS As the complete process for developing embedded controllers is a multistage process and it depends on four highly sophisticated software platforms. So there can be different approaches to solve the dependency information loss. Following are the possible platforms for doing modifications in order to handle the dependency loss problem. MATLAB TargetLink model C-code Calibration tool Separate windows application Following is the in depth analysis of above mentioned platforms and possibility of finding a feasible solution. 4.1 Parameter dependencies and MATLAB When m-script, containing all parameter definitions, is run in MATLAB, all parameter values are evaluated and stored in MATLAB base workspace. Right at this first step dependency information in m-script is lost. The Rreason of this loss is that MATLAB base workspace support values belonging to only one class type. That can be char, double, struct or any other class but the values can not belong to a mixture of two or more class types, i.e., values cannot consist of two elements of an array belonging to char class and other elements of array belonging to double class.(I guess that a struct can consist of chars as well of doubles) Fig.9. Supported Class types in MATLAB base workspace. In our case of parameter dependency for example, we have an array of eighth elements. Second element and eighth element of our example array are names of some other parameters, so these names belongs to char class and rest of elements of that array are numerical values belonging to double class. So MATLAB evaluates the values of dependency parameters and replace all names with their corresponding values and our dependency information is lost. Although there is a function in MATLAB called eval and this function can be used instead of dependency parameter name but this does not solve our problem because this function will evaluate the values of those parameters and eventually its the value of parameter which is updated in the base workspace and dependency information is still filtered out. Moral of the story is that we can not do anything in MATLAB to save our dependency information until unless MathWorks do some changes in MATLAB so that base workspace would be able to support values belonging to different classes in same definition. 4.2 Parameter dependencies and TargetLink In TargetLink we can use custom lookup tables and we can include custom code. Let us suppose for a moment that by adding these custom lookup tables and using some extra blocks we manage to introduce lost dependency information in TargetLink model. But when TargetLink will generate C-code, most probably it will evaluate all those values and resulting values will be included in C-code. There are two reasons for this behavior of TargetLink: First reason is that, TargetLink work inside MATLAB so all the calculations are done in MATLAB and we face the same problem as described previously. Second reason is that, dSPACE claims that TargetLink generates C-code in the most efficient way, because this C-code is flashed into controller in binary format, so it is the maximum effort of TargetLink to keep C-code as small as possible because of the limited memory of ECU and demand of high operational speed. So TargetLink does not generate extra variables and pointer in C-code until unless some significant changes are done in TargetLink by dSPACE. 4.3 Parameter dependencies and C-code C-code generated by TargetLink can be modified and it is possible to add any kind of extra information but there are two reasons which make this possibility impracticable. First reason is that, this C-code will be flashed into ECU and there is very limited memory in the control unit and bigger C-code will result into a less efficient embedded controller. Second reason which makes this possibility impracticable is that. iIt requires a lot of manual labor every time we change something. This is also error prone. 4.4 Parameter dependencies and Calibration tool In calibration tool like ATI VISION, there is an option to use script written in Vision scripting language or in Visual basic. Instead of doing manual calibration we can automate calibration using the script. In our case, we have matrices with dependencies. So in order to do calibration using thescripting option we have to write function for doing matrix calculations and then that script must be able to evaluate dependencies according to new values. So this option is not so feasible. 4.5 Separate windows application After analyzing all possibilities only one option is left. That is to develop a separate windows application which will extract dependency information from m-script, calculate the values of dependency parameters according to the values tuned in calibration tool and will implement those new values of dependencies back in calibration tool. 5 SELECTED SOLUTION After analysis of all possible solutions, it is deducted that the most feasible solution to the dependency loss problem is a separate windows application which: Extracts dependency information from m-file. Gets tuned parameter values from calibration tool. Calculates all values corresponding to those tuned parameter values. And implements updated values of dependency parameters back in calibration tool. 5.1 Reasons for selecting this solution Among other solutions we have selected development of separate windows application, as a feasible solution. Major reasons for selecting this solution are as follows: Selected solution which is developing a separate windows application does not need any modification of present softwares. This solution is fast, no extra licenses are required for this and it works just according to our requirements. If we choose any solution which includes modification in software tools, then that involves the involvement of tool makers. That process of convincing toolmakers to modify their software according to our requirements and if they agree then the process of developing and releasing new version of software may take very long time. Tool makers would charge a great sum of money to make specified changes or for making an add-on application for the softwares. 5.2 Overview of solution The solution is an application named Dependency Calibrator. It works in two steps. In the first step the m-file is parsed and the information of dependency parameter along with their location in parent parameter areis extracted and rearranged in a way that it can be used in the second step that is calibration. During the second part of the process, first of all the application will import data from VISION so that if user has tuned any value in calibration tool, that data will be updated in MATLAB and then the application will do calculations in MATLAB after that new values obtained as a result of those calculation will be updated again back to VISION. This cyclic process from VISION to MATLAB and back to VISION will update parameter values. If user has changed values which was used by other parameters, those new values will be updated on all locations where they are used. This is shown in the following figFig. 10.. Fig. 10. Overview of solution. The application Dependency Calibrator is divided into two parts. Parser Calibrator Detailed explanation of how this application isn working is as follows. 5.3 Required Softwares Parser works without any requirement of external software but in order to run Calibrator following softwares must be installed on your system: MATLAB R2007b ATI VISION 3.5.3 MATLAB is automatically launched by the application but make sure to launch ATI VISION before you use Calibrator part of Dependency Calibrator application. 5.4 Project file Project file is a key to control the Dependency Calibrator application. Instead of using hard coded paths for different files used in this application, an option is given to the users to select their desired locations. These locations can be specified in a separate file which is named as project file. In this project file the instructions can be given after certain tags. One must be very careful because these tags should not be altered. While user inputs can be given after the symbol @. Dependency Calibrator application is in fact capable of handling multiple m-files and multiple c-files. Directory path for these files can be specifies in project file. Project file contains following tags: VISIONs Device Name @ : After this tag, name of the hardware device which is used in the VISION device tree, should be given. For example, VISIONs Device Name @ PCM Or VISIONs Device Name @ CCM Path of m File @ : After this tag the full path for m-file should be given. If number of m-files is more than one, then this tag followed by file path of those m-files should be given on a new line. Parser will read all these files and will merge them into one file. For example, Path of m File @ C:FolderNamesubFolderFile_Name.m Path of m File @ C:FolderName2subFolder2File_Name2.m Root directory for c files @ : In general practice c files can be generated in different folders but their root directory remains same. So in order to avoid repeating same address and to minimize the chances of error this tag is introduced in project file. So after this tag path of root directory for c files should be specified. Please note that there should be no at the end of root directory path. For example: Root directory for c files @ D:ABC_XYZsubFoldersubSub Folders containing c-files @: After this tag the names of folders which contain c files should be specified. If there are more than one folder containing c files then those folders names should be added after a comma ,. The parser will then search these folders for all c files contained in them. For example: Folders containing c-files @ FolderMedCfiles,subFoldercFolder Root Output Directory @: This tag should be followed by the path for required location where the user wants the application to generate all files. For example: Root Output Directory @ C: Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters @: After this tag, there should be the path for the file containing names of those parameters which are not calibratable but they are desired to be calibrated in VISION. Those names should be exactly the same as defined in m-file, followed by underscore _ and followed by any desired word or character. For example: Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters @ C:ExtraParNames.txt 5.5 Parser The F first part of the complete dependency calibration process is the parser. When Parser is executed, a window appears showing two options, Load Project File and Parse. It is required to load the project file before hitting the Parse button. Once the project file is loaded, the parser will have all the information to start parsing. Parser application is shown in following fig. Fig.11 Parser application There are six operations done by Parser on input m-file(s) and c-file(s) which are explained as follows. 5.5.1 Comments Removal First operation done by parser on m-script is comment removal. It removes all the comments from m-file(s). Some comments start from the beginning of line and other are at the end of parameter definitions. If there is more than one m-files, then all those files will be merged into one file as a result of this step. The output file produced in this step will be without any comment. The reason for removing comments is that, in next steps we have to convert multiple line parameter definitions to single line. For that it is required that there must be no comments. Second reason is that some comments contain the same structure as the parameter definitions, in fact those are old values of the same parameters. So in order to minimize any possibility of error, we have to remove comments. After removing comments, the parser also removes empty lines and extra white space inside the parameter definitions. 5.5.2 Multiple line parameter definitions to single line It is required that all parameter definitions should be single lined. There are two reasons for this operation on parameter definitions. First reason is that parser is reading complete file line by line, so it is important to read the complete information about a parameter in one step. Secondly we have to separate all dependencies present in parameter definitions. It is also possible to read multiple lines but in doing that we face big problem of setting a new line record (in programming record is a tag which tells about the end of line by default it is n) which tell the parser that current parameter is finished here and new parameter definition has started. In that case we must add any symbol or specific number of white space or something like that which must repeat after each parameter definition. In our case there is no such pattern repeating periodically and symmetrically in the m-file and it is not practical to modify all m-files by putting a symbol after each parameter. So, this parser application handles this problem by converting all parameter definitions into single line definitions. 5.5.3 Separating parameters with dependencies Up till this point all parameter definitions are converted into single line definitions and all comments are removed from the m-file(s). Next step in the parsing process is separating those parameters which are dependent on some other parameters. This goal is achieved by using regular expressions. The regular expression searches for any parameter name in the parameter definitions and if there is any parameter name found in the definition, it saves that parameter in a separate file. After this step we have all parameters with dependencies filtered out in a separate file. 5.5.4 Position of dependencies in a parameter definition Going one step ahead, now we have to parse each parameter to find where exactly the dependency lies. So this is a very crucial moment in the whole parsing process. According to our m-file there can be three major groups of parameters. Complete dependency Dependency in an array or vector Dependency in a matrix Complete dependency can be defined as, when whole parameter definitions depends on some other parameter or some calculations of other parameters. e.g., Max_Fan = max(Maximum_Fan_Speed_Mode4); Dependency in an array or vector can be defined as if there is some element of array or vector depending on other parameter or some parameter calculations. In this case we have to know, where precisely the dependency lies in that array or vector. For example: VentFan_Speed = [0, Min_Fan_Speed, 30, 45, 110, Max_Fan]; In this example, VentFan_Speed is dependent on Min_Fan_Speed which is 2nd element and Max_Fan which is 6th element. Third group of parameters can be dependencies in a matrix. This is even more complicated because in this case we have to keep track of two things, column index and row index. The output of this step is according to following format. Keyword; Parameter Name; Dependency Name; X-Offset; Y-Offset; So this format is a semicolon separated string in which: Keyword: can be any word but in our case it is defined as Parameter. The sole purpose of this keyword is to distinguish this string from any other information in the file that can be comments or some other information. So to be sure that this is the information of parameter dependency it must start with the specific keyword. Parameter name: represents the actual name of parameter which has dependency in its definition. Dependency name: is the name of parameters on whicth the parent parameter is depending on. This can be only name of other parameter or it can be the result of some calculation of other parameters. X-Offset: In case of a 1D array or a vector X-Offset will be the location of dependency i.e. the number or element in the array. In case of a matrix X-Offset is column index of the dependency element. Y-Offset: In case of 1D array or vector y-Offset will always remain y. This indicates that the respective parameter is a vector. In case of 2D array and matrices Y-Offset indicates the row index of the dependency element. Zero based indexing is used in this format for X and Y-Offset. When the value of both X-Offset and Y-Offset is d, that means the complete definition of that parameter is a dependency. This conversion of parameter dependency information from MATLAB format to new format is shown in following figFig. 12. Fig. 12. Extracted parameter dependency information. 5.5.5 C-code parsing In the previous step we have generated the file which contains information about the parameter name, dependency name and the location of dependency in parameter definition. The problem here is that in the calibration tool, the names of parameters are not the same as were defined in the m-script. These names are changed by adding different tags during the C-code generation in TargetLink. So in order to find the respective parameter names we need to parse C-code. The good news here is that TargetLink only change the actual names according to a certain pattern which can be selected and modified in the TargetLink model. So according to that pattern we can extract the corresponding names of parameters. 5.5.6 Replacing parameter names At this step we have dependency information of parameters from m-script and we have their corresponding names in C-code which can be found in calibration tool. In this step parser will replace the names of parameters as defined in m-script with their corresponding C-code names. The output of this final step of parsing is ready to be used for calibration process. These new parameter names are the same as defined in the strategy file of ATI VISION. So in the file generated in this step we have all information of dependency parameters and their positions in the definitions of parent parameters. After completing this process the application will show a message informing about completion of the parsing process. By clicking OK this application will exit. 5.6 Calibrator Second part of the dependency calibration process is another application which is interfaced with MATLAB and ATI VISION. Make sure that before running Calibrator a project is open in VISION otherwise the application will display an error message. Calibrator is shown in the following figFig. 13.. Fig.13 Calibrator application If a vision project is open a calibration application is run then, at the start window two options are shown. Load project file Calibrate It is required to first load the same project file that is used for parser. Completion of this operation will be confirmed by displaying a message box. After this, the calibrator has got all information required to run and it is ok to press Calibrate button.ÂÂ ­ When calibrate button is pressed the application export parameter values tuned in VISION to MATLAB and update corresponding parameters in MATLAB base workspace. If the value which is tuned belongs to dependency parameter then all the parameters depending on that value will be updated according to their relation defined in m-file. After updating all parameter values, those values are sent back to VISION at their appropriate locations and in this way we get our desired results. Detailed explanation of how this happens is as follows. For explanation we further divide calibrator into two parts, Parameter values from VISION to MATLAB Parameter values from MATLAB back to VISION 5.6.1 Parameter values from VISION to MATLAB In this step the application will use MATLAB and ATI VISION as COM servers. When MATLAB is invoked as a COM server, it looks like as in Ffig.14. Original m-file which contains all the parameter definitions is required in this step. The path for that m-file is specified in the project file. The application commands the MATLAB server to change the current directory of MATLAB to the root directory of the specified file. After that it runs the m-file and that all parameter definitions are loaded in MATLAB base workspace. Now to find out which parameters may be tuned in calibration tool, it is required to look into C-code generated by TargetLink for the variables belonging to the variable class CAL. Type of variable class for any variable can be changed from Data Dictionary of TargetLink. Fig. 14 MATLAB invoked as COM server. As this information is saved into a file during parsing, so the application will get this information from that file. When the values of these calibratable parameters are tuned in VISION, the application gets these new values for updating them in MATLAB. But the parameter names in MATLAB are different. So the application will translate the names. The program now knows the names of parameters as defined in m-file and their corresponding names in VISION. To read the values of calibrated parameters from VISION, first of all the application will check the data type of those parameters, whether they are scalar, 1D array, 2D array, 2D table or 3D table. The method for getting values of parameters belonging to different data type is different. Once the data item type is know the program will send that parameter information to its respective method. For a scalar the actual value of that scalar in VISION is transferred to MATLAB. For a 1D array the actual values of Y-axis are transferred to MATLAB, because in case if 1D array x-axis values are just the index number. For a 2D array the actual values of z-axis are transferred to MATLAB. For a 2D table, actual values of y-axis are the concerned values. For a 3D table, the actual values of z-axis are transferred to MATLAB, because on x-axis and y-axis the actual values belong to some other parameters which are generally 1D array and are handled separately under DataItemType1DArray. After doing this process the program will run the file containing parameter dependency information. This file was generated during the parsing process. According to this file all dependency parameters are updated with new values got from VISION. Now, as all dependency parameter values are updated so, program will save all this information in a mat file which is named as calibration. mat. This file is a binary file and all information present in the MATLAB base workspace is saved in it. At this point the process of updating parameter values from VISION to MATLAB is completed and the next step is to update all the changes caused by changing the values of parameters which are dependent. Here another very important point is that if a value is changed in VISION and that value actually was a dependency then, according to the requirement that the value must not be allowed to change until the change is made in the base parameter value. This calibration application does exactly that. Tuning of independent parameters is not affected by the application. 5.6.2 Parameter values from MATLAB to VISION Now coming to the second part of calibrator, it is now required that the values of all parameter dependencies should be updated back in VISION. For this purpose the application will load the calibration.mat file that was saved with new values in previous step. Another file required by this part is the final output file obtained in the parsing process. According to that file the program will find the name of a parameter as it is in the calibration file. The program will find the value of dependency parameters from the mat file in MATLAB and it also has the information about the location of the dependency in the parameter definition, so it will update the corresponding value of dependency in VISION. To update the value of dependency at the right location the program will first check the data type of the parameter and according to the data item type it will send the information to the appropriate method. That method will check first that if the dependency is a part of array or a matrix or is it some resultant value of calculation between some other parameters. So according to that information the program will do all required calculation in MATLAB and then import the value to the right place in the ATI VISION. When all the values are updated it will show the message that the values are updated and if there is any parameter that did not belong to variable class CAL, the program will show all these parameters with warning in a list box. This process is iterative and it can be repeated as many times as the user wants. When all the parameters are calibrated then this application can be closed. By closing the application, the command window of MATLAB, which was opened as a COM server, will also be closed. This process of updating the parameter values can be monitored in VISION using screen window and control items. 5.7 Calibration of non-calibratable parameters In the system there can be some parameters which are used indirectly. Indirectly means their values are used in some other parameters but they them self are not used anywhere in the TargetLink model due to which they can never appear in the C-code and as a result those parameters are not available in the calibration tool for tuning. The application Dependency Calibrator handles this kind of parameters as well. For tuning these parameters we can create new data item in calibration tool and then add names of those data items into a text file. Path of this text file should also be specified in the Project File after the tag Extra File for calibrating non-calibratable parameters. For creating new data item in ATI VISION, go to Data Item Manager. In DataItemGroups go to device name e.g. CCM. Open the Characteristics folder and click on Values. The window on the right side of this panel will display different data items and some other information about those data items. In this window by right clicking and then selecting New will show a dialog box titled as Select Data Item Type. Now select the type of data item according to the type of parameter. After selecting data item type, a dialog will appear asking the name of parameter. The name of data item should be selected as, actual name of parameter as defined in m-file followed by an underscore _ and some other name according to your wish. By choosing this kind of name, the data item will be connected to the original parameter as defined in m-file. After that a dialog will appear showing the properties of that data item. Make sure that the Base address of this data item does not coincide with the base address of any other predefined data item. Memory type should be selected to RAM [adjust and monitor], then you will be able to change the value(s) of this data item. After doing all these adjustments, click Apply and then click OK. By following this procedure a new data item is created which was not calibratable by default, but now this parameter can also be tuned in the calibration tool. 5.8 Dependency Calibrator in a Nutshell All the steps of Dependency Calibrator are summarized and depicted in the following fig.(Add figure text) 6 RESULTS (As I understand, you here show that one example seems to work, that is good for pedagogic reason. I think you have to tell something whether you have verified the functionality in some other more rigorous way. One way could be that you document a reasonable large set of examples. Another way can be that you let an experienced engineer try to use your application and document his judgment.) Results of this project are demonstrated with the help of an example of somefew parameters which contain dependencies. Following graphs are made in ATI VISION using control objects in Screen file. Graphs in fig.15 show the values of parameters before tuning. So here it is required that if we tune any parameter value on which other parameters are dependent, then all the value of that dependency parameter should be changed at all instances where that dependency is used. In this example there are two parameters on which values of some other parameters are dependent, we call these two parameters as base parameters which are as follows: Minimum_Fan_Speed = 16; Maximum_Fan_Speed_Mode4 = [114 133 144 151 168 173]; Fig.15. Values of parameters before calibration. The parameter values to notice are outlined with red blocks. Now when we tune the values of base parameters, the application will change these values at all instances where they are used as dependencies. New values of base parameters are as follows, Minimum_Fan_Speed = 20; Maximum_Fan_Speed_Mode4 = [114 133 144 151 176 173]; Now as, Max_Fan = max(Maximum_Fan_Speed_Mode4) So the value of Max_Fan will become 176 according to the changed value of Maximum_Fan_Speed_Mode4 The calibrator application will update these new values of Minimum_Fan_Speed (i.e. 20) and Max_Fan (i.e. 176) in all other parameters. Updated values are shown in the following fig.(number) Fig.16. Values of parameters after calibration Changed values are outlined with red blocks. 7 CONCLUSION This thesis report concludes that the application Dependency Calibration handles the parameter dependencies quite efficiently. The fact that all calculations are done in MATLAB makes it possible that all kind of parameter operations which are supported by MATLAB are also supported by this application and we can use the capabilities of TargetLink/Simulink model to the maximum extent. So this application contributes to following: Makes online calibration possible for dependency parameters. Less error prone. Is efficient and saves valuable time. Requires minimal manual labor. 8 FUTURE WORK Current application saves updated parameter values in a .mat file which is a binary file. The application does not write or update parameter values in the original m-file. Future work related to this project can be developing a text editor application specifically for updating m-file. That application should save old parameter values by commenting it and then write a new parameter with updated values. This may also be achieved by using new MATLAB Editor API, available in MATLAB 2010a which is expected to be released in March 2010. This new MATLAB Editor API provides programmatic control over opening and saving files, navigating and modifying file contents, and querying file properties [12]. REFERENCES(are all references refered to?) Embedded Systems [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system#History [Accessed: Sep. 14, 2009]. Yu Shitao, Zhou Xingli, Yang Lin, Gong Yuanming, and Zhuo Bin, Study on the model-based development approach for the electronically controlled system of a high-pressure common-rail diesel engine, Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol. 220, no. 3, pp. 359-366, 2006. Bosch (1991) CAN- specification 2.0. Germany: Bosch CAN specifications [Online]. Available: https://www.specifications.nl/can/protocol/can_UK_protocol.php [Accessed: Sep. 24,2009]. press_release_targetlink_3_0_dsapce_july2008.zip Available: https://www.dspace.de/ww/en/pub/home/company/dspace_pressroom/press/targetlink_3_0.cfm [Accessed: Sep. 25,2009] ATI VISION User Reference Manual GNU Make manual [Online]. Available: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/index.html [Accessed]: Sep. 24,2009 BL51 Users Guide [Online]. Available: https://www.keil.com/support/man/docs/bl51/bl51_ln_mapfile.htm [Accessed: Sep. 24,2009] ASAM e.V. (2003) XCP version 1.0 The Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol Family XCP: The Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol Family [Online]. Available: https://www.vector.com/vi_xcp_layers_en,,223.html [Accessed: Dec. 11,2009] PÃÆ'Â ¤r EnstrÃÆ'Â ¶m and Erik SvebÃÆ'Â ¤ck, Road Vehicle Diagnostic using Bluetooth, LuleÃÆ'Â ¥ University of Technology. MATLAB Simulink Release Notes for R2010a [Online]. Available: https://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/pdf_doc/matlab/relnotes_pr.pdf [Accessed: Jan. 04,2010] ATI VISION Calibration Data Acquisition Software [Online]. Available: https://www.accuratetechnologies.com/images/stories/product-datasheets/vision%20software%20web.pdf [Accessed: Jan. 08,2010] ETAS Catalog 2008/09 Chapter 7: Measurement, Calibration and Diagnostic Tools [Online]. Available: https://www.etas.com/en/products/download_center.php?entrylist=4609fileID=4610 [Accessed: Jan. 07,2010] CalDesk Universal tool for measurement, calibration, and diagnostics [Online]. Available: https://www.dspaceinc.com/shared/data/pdf/catalog2009/CalDesk_ebook.pdf [Accessed: Jan. 07,2010] XCP at the Focal Point of Measurement and Calibration Applications [Online]. Available: https://www.vector.com/portal/medien/cmc/press/PMC/XCP_UseCases_ElektronikAutomotive_200705_PressArticle_EN.pdf [Accessed: Jan 11,2010] APPENDIX Appendix A CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK- CAN Background (Is this text taken some where from?) In 1980s automobile industry was growing rapidly and vehicles were getting more and more sophisticated and intelligent. In this growing industry and sophistication there was one bottle neck. With the increasing number of sensors, wires to connect those sensors were getting more and more this tremendous increase of connecting wires caused increase in weight. Something was needed to be changed. That was finding an alternative to the conventional cabling in automobiles. An amazing idea evolve in the mind so one person, the ideas was, why not put everything in contact with each other making cross communication possible. The man who was thinking this was Robert Bosch. Robert Bosch introduced this serial bus system Controller Area Network (CAN) in February 1986 at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress. That was the hour of birth for one of the most successful network protocols ever. Facts about CAN CAN is serial communication and the maximum data transfer rate is 1Mb/s. This data transfer rate is compromise between the cable length and flexibility. Normally the network runs on 256Kb/s or sometimes 500Kb/s. These specifications are the part of standardization in the Bosch CAN specification [3]. CAN serial communication is different from other serial communication in a way that it has two signal wires CAN High and CAN Low. Both are used to send and receive messages. CANL has a digital signal output of 0-2.5V and CANH has output of 2.5-5V. Output of CANH and CANL are inverted compared to each other. This inversion of signals is terms as differential signaling. The effective difference between these two signaling wires is 5V. If due to some reason some disturbance occurs it is most likely that the effect of disturbance will be same on both wires. Since differential signaling is used, the effect of disturbance vanishes. This differential signaling is illustrated in the fig. A1. Fig. A1 Differential signaling on CAN [11] Every node in the network is connected to bus in series. This serial connection has its own pros and cons. The biggest advantage is that, very less amount of cable is required as compared to the old cabling. The worst disadvantage is that if the cable breaks at some critical point, several nodes might be disconnected from the network and that can end up at some loss of control or lose of some critical information. Serial connection of nodes is illustrated in fig. A2. Fig. A2.Serial connection of nodes on CAN bus [11] Principles of data exchange CAN is a transmission protocol and it is message oriented and based on broadcast communication mechanism. CAN message basically have unique message contents instead of having information of stations and addresses. The stations attached to the CAN have very tough competition for getting buss access. This problem is solved by prioritizing the messages. System configuration became more flexible because of using addressing scheme based on the content of messages. When new stations are required to add to a CAN network and if they are purely receivers, there are no alterations required in hardware or in software. It is easy to service or upgrade CAN network because transmission of data is not dependent on the availability of some specific stations. This is illustrated in Fig. A3. Fig. A3 CAN data handling [4] Data Transmission On CAN network the messages urgency may change very rapidly for example the information about load on engine must be sent more frequently compared to the other messages. Priority of message with which the message should be handled is defined in the identifier of every message and this priority is set during designing phase of system and these values are not allowed to change dynamically. Fig.A4 Transmission of data on CAN in real time [4] The requests for data transmission are handled according to the importance of those requests for overall system. This is a good way to handle requests when the system is overloaded. Format of message frames Two types of formats for message frames are supported by CAN protocol. The difference between these two formats is only the difference in their length. CAN base frame CAN extended frame CAN base frame supports identifier that is 11 bits long. It is also known as CAN 2.0 A. CAN extended frame supports identifier that is 29 bits long and it is also known as CAN 2.0 B. Fig. A5 Formats of CAN Message Frame [4] Appendix B Calibration tools Major calibration tools used at Volvo Technology are: ATI VISION CalDesk by dSPACE INCA by ETAS ATI VISION ATI VISION software is an integrated calibration and data acquisition tool that collects signals from ECU and external sources, measures relationships between inputs and outputs, enable real-time calibration and modification to closed loop control systems, time aligns and analyzes all information, manages calibration data changes and programs the ECU.[13] VISION software can do following: Flash the ECU Monitor and measure signals in the ECU and external signals Calibrate ECU parameters in real-time Compare, import and merge calibration data Analyze data Perform ECU algorithm rapid prototyping VISION has an integrated script manager and it is possible to write automation scripts for iterative processes using VISION scripting language. VISION includes an Application Programming Interface (API) enabling the integration of application-specific components from different vendors and data exchange between VISION and other applications.[13] CalDesk CalDesk by dSPACE is a tool for different stages of the ECU development process like prototyping a control strategy, calibrating an ECU, or validating vehicle behavior. Rapid prototyping systems, ECUs and the vehicle bus can be accessed in parallel. Data from different sources may be recorded and analyzed as a whole. [15] Functionality overview of CalDesk is as follows: Fig.B1 CalDesk functionality overview [15] CalDesk Application Programming Interface (API) is based on Windows COM/DCOM components and is accessible by various programming languages such as C#, Python or Visual Basic. CalDesk has an integrated Python editor with syntax high-lighting and automatic code completion. In conjunction with the python interpreter it is possible to write automation scripts.[15] INCA The INCA base product comprises the system core with its measurement and calibration functionality. It supports online and offline adjustments of characteristic values, lines and tables. Simultaneously to the parameter optimization, INCA allows to acquire measurement signals from ECUs as well as easy and quick reuse of existing calibration data and hardware configurations. [14] In addition to the measurement and calibration core system, the INCA base product includes tools for managing the configurations of ECU projects and calibration parameters, for analysis and measured data and for reprogramming the ECU flash memory.[14] Besides interactive optimization of parameters, INCA supports access via remote control interfaces for automation of experiments. For example, test benches access INCA via the ASAM MCD-3MC remote control interfaces for MATLAB and for other windows applications via the Microsoft COM-interface.[14] Fig. B2 INCA functions at a glance [14]

Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(103) " and they all recognition plan for their recovery \( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 \) \." Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is an old pattern, dating back to twelvemonth 1935 when Bill W, experienced a reawakening in religious footings taking him on a way of recovery from the ironss of alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Since that clip, many other people with alcoholic dependences have attributed the same sort of alleviation to this ideal motion. AA is referred as a religious family by its subsequent members. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it is new to many, and they hardly understand the mechanisms, which underlie the construct of recovery ( George, 2005 ) . The spiritualty proof, an puzzling term, must apparently be based on physiological and psychological findings. An initial component of this paper is supplying a definition of spiritualty in empirical footings as done by AA Services ( 2002 ) stating that it is â€Å" that which develops in people some intent and significance in life. † This definition was amplified by indicating out that spiritualty as a human facet can be achieved â€Å" with engagement in a faith ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It can every bit good be much broader than this, for case belief in naturalism, rationalism, God, household, humanitarianism, and humanistic disciplines. † The usage of such a term with this intension is of recent beginning. Anthropologists surprisingly have applied the word â€Å" religious † on many other concrete spiritual facets and shamanic pattern ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The current use of the same is apprehensible to hold derived ideally from legion beginnings, some of them specific to tendencies go oning late in American civilization at least apparent over the past century ( George, 2005 ) . Credence of this construct on orientation to oecumenic faith has led to an credence of the fact that the ritual pattern formalities may be less of relevancy than the values, which legion spiritual denominations hold. Acceptance of these bases of patterns for case speculation and complementary medical specialty has brought in another dimension to the construct. The AA outgrowth as a personal transmutation potent vehicle has besides been committed and vastly influential, as it brings in the term spiritualty to the spotlight of the mental wellness professionals every bit good as the general populace ( AA Services, 2002 ) . All these leads to acceptance by the populace of the several spiritually doctrines and pattern used in back uping the recovery from an unwellness, which have emerged outside of the cardinal sphere of biomedicine. Most psychiatric modes associate with a remarkable mechanism. Physiological research argues that spiritualty may be critical to the healing of legion upsets ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Persons hiting higher on personality traits that relate to religious transcendency have been seen as holding characteristic activity in peculiar serotonergic encephalon sites, which suggest single physiological differences in response to religious attention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The close relation between dream symbolism and symbo lic idea is apparent from the activation of peculiar encephalon centres and inactivation of others, proposing an association between nervous map and religious metaphor. Response to the societal context of transition to the spirit may besides be related to neurophysiologic map ( George, 2005 ) . A individual in a diverse societal scene where a spiritually oriented position is present with strength may be influenced and follow that position ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Bill ‘s experience at the origin of AA, where he was â€Å" caught up in the ideal rapture which there is deficiencies words to depict, † can non be researched with easiness. On the same note, bordering the methods to analyze the function of AA on recovery of alcohol addiction is hard. Twelve-step families need namelessness of their member ( George, 2005 ) . They are besides oriented toward the members ‘ primacy of their demands beyond research aims, which research workers might suggest. Because of such demands, legion result surveies and researches on recovery through AA tie to followup on patients take parting in professionally based intervention and go toing AA meetings. Uncontrolled appraisals utilizing the Twelve-Step â€Å" Minnesota Model † for residential rehabilitation in a long-run facet in a professionally directed puting show promising consequences, nevertheless, one important survey that relates to AA-based recovery stands out due to its deducti on to experimental controls and randomisation ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A large-scale National Institute on Alcoholism rating was carried out utilizing the long-run followup. It showed clearly that Twelve-Step Facilitation, a grounded mode in design to advance AA attending, at least was every bit effectual as cognitive, and motivational techniques ( both of which in development were from through empirical observation grounded theoretical accounts of research ) , and it was extremely effectual than the techniques in developing long-run abstention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Twelve-Step Facilitation, hence, has been a professionally based intercession, and AA application is a peer-led family. However, this result highlights the relevancy of farther controlled research on the 12-step plans engagement ( George, 2005 ) . Professional intervention of maltreatment of substance impaired doctors on the same note, offers an penetration into AA ‘s value, with the fact that long-run abstention has critical public wellness deductions for the habit-forming populatio n. A sample of doctors, antecedently holding abused substances and abstainer for at least two old ages, in AA-based intervention antecedently, reported 12-step rank as the chief ground for the long-run recovery they achieved every bit good as the abstention ( George, 2005 ) . In add-on, in a sample of 101 doctors indiscriminately selected in a group of those monitored by a doctors ‘ , found that 97 per centum of the 1 who antecedently had been in a 12-step plan further engaged in the plan in the monitoring period ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Research on the spiritualty function in the recovery procedure separate from professional direction has been through empirical observation modeled, and the dealingss between AA engagement and the result have been a topic of concern ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In any instance, no uncertainty prevails to the fact that rank in AA ; characteristically seen to tie in with its religious foundation now has been used by 1000000s of people enduring depende nces and they all recognition plan for their recovery ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . You read "Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The 12-step experience develops a sense of communality, and this is different from the running conventional institutional context. It is, hence, the ground why this solidarity hails every bit critical to the plan ‘s religious nature ( George, 2005 ) . The family ‘s orientation ideally to common support facilitates a shared sense of single reclamation formalizing the behavioural demand of entire recovery and abstention known as keeping abstention. For nuts, the orientation to common support besides sustains the construction and unity of AA as a motion ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Substance-impaired doctors have established a strong, supportive web via AA-related Caduceus groups in AA ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The clinical benefit of AA ‘s plan has been in presentation in the controlled researches on enhanced result in intervention plans, on lowered demand for professional staffing in outpatient rehabilitation, and on intervention of dependence with psychiatric attention for persons with double diagnosings ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Surveies suggest that legion patients have a religious life sing their religious wellness every bit good as physical wellness as momentous, every bit good. On the other manus, people may keep greater religious demands in times of unwellness. A reappraisal of published surveies, systematic reappraisals, capable reappraisals and meta-analyses, analyzing the association between spiritualty and physical, health-related life, wellness and spiritual engagement, mental wellness, and other wellness results indicated that spiritualty and spiritual engagement associate with better wellness results, which includes get bying accomplishments, health-related life quality and greater length of service ( even in the event of terminal unwellness ) and depression, self-destruction and less anxiousness ( George, 2005 ) . Several surveies show that turn toing the demands of the patient particularly the religious 1s enhance recovery from certain unwellnesss. Acknowledging, back uping and spoting the reli gious patients ‘ demands can be done in a straightforward mode ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Conversely, when people consult doctors in finding the intervention and cause of an unwellness, they at times may besides seek seeking replies to some inquiries that medical scientific discipline do non supply an reply for illustration, â€Å" Why an unwellness happens to a peculiar person? † legion patients rely on a religious model every bit good as spiritual beliefs naming on religious or spiritual attention suppliers to give them replies to the several inquiries ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, over the old ages in history, spiritualty and faith and the medical pattern have been intertwined. Because of this, many faiths embrace the attention of the ill as a primary mission, and legion universes ‘ taking establishments of medical specialty have religious or spiritual roots ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Therefore, the twelve-step plan has been unusually celebrated and serves as one of the most supported attacks in handling alcohol addiction ( George, 2005 ) . The twelve-step plan is a set of rules that guide a patient. The plan outlines a class of action to be of usage in the recovery from irresistible impulse, unnatural behavioural jobs or an dependence. The plan was originally developed by Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . It was ab initio a method of recovery for patients enduring alcohol addiction. The Twelve Steps foremost came to be published in a book â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism in 1939 ( AA Services, 2002 ) † . The method so came to be adopted ; going the foundation of the ideal twelve-step plans developed subsequently for case Cocaine Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Co-Dependents Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous and Overeaters Anonymous ( AA Services, 2005 ) . As the American Psychological Association summarizes, the procedure is all about: aˆ? Admiting the fact that one can non is non under control of his or her dependence or irresistible impulse ; aˆ? Acknowledging a power, which is greater and that can supply strength aˆ? Examining past mistakes utilizing he aid of a patron aˆ? Making amendments to the several mistakes aˆ? Learning how to populate a new and better life with a freshly developed behaviour aˆ? Helping other people enduring from the same irresistible impulses or dependences The Twelve-step methods ideally have been celebrated adopted in turn toing a assortment of substance maltreatment and other jobs associating to dependence. Over 200 organisations known as families with a planetary rank and holding 1000000s employ the twelve-step rules in their recovery procedure. Narcotics Anonymous formation was by nuts who did non hold extended dealingss to the intoxicant dependence particulars. Similar penchants associating to the nuts ‘ drug of pick besides led to the start of Cocaine Anonymous, Pills Anonymous, Marijuana Anonymous and the Crystal Meth Anonymous ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Behavioral issues for case irresistible impulse for, and/or dependence to, sex, billboard, gaming, nutrient and work are besides under reference in legion other families for case as Overeaters Anonymous, Workaholics Anonymous, Gamblers Anonymous, Sexual Compulsives Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous. Auxiliary groups for case Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for household members of nuts and alkies, are portion of a response in usage to the intervention of dependence as a disease, which is enabled by household systems ( George, 2005 ) . The Twelve Traditions besides accompany the new and adept Twelve Steps. The Traditions give guidelines for single, group administration ( AA Services, 2005 ) . They were started in AA in assisting with the declaration of struggles in the Fieldss of fundss, promotion, and faith. Most twelve-step families adopted the developed rules for their administration ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The Twelve Traditions of AA include: aˆ? Our public assistance should be foremost ; personal recovery is dependent upon the AA integrity aˆ? For the group intent, there is merely one ultimate authorization, which is a loving God. Leaderships are merely sure retainers and do non regulate aˆ? The lone demand for AA rank is a strong single desire to halt imbibing aˆ? Each group must be independent except in issues that affect other groups or AA aˆ? Each group has a individual and primary intent, which is transporting its message to the agony alky aˆ? An AA group should ne’er finance, impart or back the AA name to any endeavor, lest issues of prestigiousness, money, and belongings diverts us from the chief intent aˆ? Every AA group should be to the full self-supporting, and diminutions outside parts aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous must stay non-professional forever. However, the service centres can or may every bit good employ distinguishable workers aˆ? AA, hence, must ne’er be organized ; but can make commissions or service boards responsible to those they serve straight aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous do non hold an sentiment on some outside issues ; hence, the AA name must ne’er be presented in public contention aˆ? The public dealingss policy footing on attractive force and non publicity ; we required to keep personal namelessness ever at the degree of movies, imperativeness, and wireless aˆ? Anonymity is the foundation of all the traditions, of all time maintaining usage to remind and put rules in front of personalities ( AA Services, 2005 ) . In the twelve-step plan, the construction of worlds is symbolically represented in dimensions including religious, physical, and mental ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The jobs the person, groups trade with are known to attest themselves in several dimensions. For alkies, the ideal physical dimension is described best by the allergy-like reaction in the organic structure, which consequences in the irresistible impulse to utilizing substances after the preliminary usage ( George, 2005 ) . For single groups non related to maltreatment of substance, the physical manifestation is more varied with elements such as distractibility, compulsive billboard, eating upsets, hyperactivity, hypomania, dysfunctional enabling, insomnia, deficiency of motive, crossness, passion, panic onslaughts, indolence, psychosomatic unwellnesss, cunctation, self-injury, hapless impulse control, and suicide efforts. The statement in the initial Measure that the individual is â€Å" powerless † over the substance-a buse that relates to behavior at issue connotes the deficiency of control over the single irresistible impulse prevailing for long despite any negative effects, which may be endured ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The mental compulsion in the description is the cognitive procedures, which causes the individual to reiterate the behaviour after some clip abstaining ; either cognizing that the ulterior consequence will be a developed inability to halt or run under the interior psychotic belief that the consequence ideally will be changing. The description in the initial Step of the life of the individual enduring from alcohol addiction or nut as â€Å" unwieldy † , connotes the deficiency of pick that the single head of the nut affords sing whether to utilize once more ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The religious dimension unwellness, comparatively known as â€Å" religious malady, † is considered in the several twelve-step single groups to be self-centeredness. The theoretical account is non intended to be explained scientifically, it is merely an single position that twelve-step plan discovery utile ( George, 2005 ) . The procedure of working the plan stairss is intended to wholly replace egoism with a turning willingness for selflessness, moral consciousness and unselfish constructive action ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In twelve-step groups, it is referred to as a spiritual experience or comparatively, religious waking up ( AA Services, 2005 ) . This should non be mistaken with catharsis, bring forthing dramatic alterations. In twelve-step families, the construct of â€Å" religious waking up † is inferred as developing, most often over a long period. It is suggested that single members on a regular basis attend meetings joined by other members who portion their recovery job. In conformity with the initial Step, twelve-step groups make accent on self-admission by single members of the job they intend to retrieve from ( AA Services, 2005 ) . It is in this spirit that single members identify themselves frequently along with their job admittance for case â€Å" Hi, I ‘m Mike and I ‘m an nut. † Such catch phrases widely associate with such support groups usually. Some meetings are popular as dual-identity groups promoting attending from peculiar demographics ( George, 2005 ) . Some countries have, for case, work forces ‘s groups ; homosexuals, sapphic, adult females ‘s groups ; and transgendered groups. There are besides in some, novice ‘s groups and â€Å" old-timer † groups restricting who portions, or speaks in these meeting, by the length of clip each member has in that family ( AA Servi ces, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous is, hence, ranked high in its effectivity. It is known to be one of the largest of the established twelve-step plans ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . The Narcotics Anonymous comes 2nd with the twelve-step members who recover from dependence coming from drugs or intoxicant ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The bulk of plans, nevertheless, combat the unwellnesss and non the dependence. For case, the 3rd twelve-step plan, known as Al-Anon, assists members of a household of nuts and alkies ( George, 2005 ) . About 20 per centum of plans engage in dependence recovery, the staying 80 per centum address several of jobs stretching from debt to depression ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It would be an tremendous mistake presuming the effectivity of twelve-step attacks at handling jobs because they are certainly effectual. From its critics, Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is merely a placebo, non even able to vie with more effectual interventions. They besides refer it as a unsafe cult. For it s protagonists AA having the Lasker Award ( America ‘s highest award in the medical field for advancement ) is adequate to warrant the procedure. George ( 2005 ) argues that because detoxified alcoholic persons relapse often, the psychological professions as good those from medical do non hold an outstanding record in the handling of alcohol addiction. Over the long-run, many of what has been in pattern to handle alcohol addiction professionally is what can be termed as a placebo ( AA Services, 2005 ) . On the first note, remedy from dependence of all sort does non come via psychodynamic penetration. In a survey of Harvard work forces done late, 26 alkies received 5000 hours of psychotherapeutics, with an norm of 200 hours per adult male. Merely a individual adult male recovered from alcohol addiction. Life-saving detoxification is besides non effectual for long in managing alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . As Mark Twain quipped, ‘I found discontinuing smoking so easily after making it 20 times ‘ . This is the same for alcohol addiction. Indeed, long-run researches show that waiting for intervention ( a pla cebo therapy signifier ) is every bit effectual as the detoxification attack. Additionally, cognitive behavior therapy is non peculiarly efficient since it works less good. Linda and Mark ‘s surveies of developing alkies and assisting them return to command imbibing [ 8 ] became celebrated globally for old ages until patients in their survey were followed after a 10-year grade and found as still fared no better than the research controls. In the last 20 old ages, there are two drugs holding made clinicians in the field of alcohol addiction hopeful including naltrexone and acamprosate ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . However, many surveies indicate that they are merely successful in the short term footing. Conversely, with 15 old ages holding passed, the long-run researches that could turn out the efficaciousness of the several interventions are still undone ( George, 2005 ) . The grounds for the professional therapy failure in forestalling the eventual backsliding, and, hence, changing the natural alcohol addiction history, are two times. First, there is a clasp that drug dependence in human existences ne’er rest in our cerebral mantle. The clasp of dependence of any sort on the human heads lies in the reptilian encephalon. The clasp emanates from regular, cellular alterations in mesencephalon karyon for case the superior tegmentum and karyon accumbens ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, the malleability loss of neural response in the two centres renders abstinence unachievable and holds down the self-control. Therefore, you can understand why the drug does non assist and why AA comes in as a better replacement ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The 2nd ground that frequently professional interve ntion fails in forestalling the backsliding in alcohol addiction is similar to the backsliding in diabetes. Change in the clinical class in diabetes and alcohol addiction is merely accomplishable by backsliding bar ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Lady Macbeth ‘s a long helping doctor quotes ‘Therein the single patient is responsible in ministering to herself ‘ . There are several factors normally present in forestalling backsliding for most dependences ( George, 2005 ) . The factors, which assistance in the bar of backsliding, are ritual dependence on a new love relationships, viing behavior, and deepened spiritualty ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Normally, two factors must be present for the bar of a backsliding to happen. The ground that the factors are effectual is that likely unlike many of the professional interventions, these factors do non work in the creative activity of decreased imbibing or impermanent abstention. They work to consequence the bar of backsliding ; and, hence, like the self-administered insulin in patients enduring diabetics, they should be used for a drawn-out continuance. This holds all to the construct of utilizing AA in the intervention other depending on the medical substances ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, merely like many personal trainers, facilitates motivation from without, hence, proposing that clients return once more to the same plan modus operandi. In AA, members are advised to happen a patron to see and telephone frequently. They are advised to ‘work the stairss ‘ and ever prosecute in the proviso of the service ( George, 2005 ) . Each of the activities is dedicated in supplying a day-to-day nonvoluntary reminder with everything hitting the head that intoxicant is an enemy, and ne’er will be a friend. The activities provide supervising from the external supervisors, or in the linguistic communication of AA ‘always maintaining the memory green ‘ . However, AA besides comprehends that compulsory supervising is tremendous and works best when it is by single pick. George ( 2005 ) adds to this fact by stating that people suffer under the rigorous regulations of a manager, but they ever evade prohibitions of which they do non O.K. ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Second, it is critical to happen a replacement dependence or comparatively known as a viing behavior for any sort of dependence ( AA Services, 2002 ) . One can non easy give up a wont particularly without holding another thing to make and hedge practising the same behaviour ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . For case, Antabuse, prescribed frequently because it makes the alcohol consumption sickening, fails largely to bring around the dependence because though it may be taking alcohol off, Antabuse has no replacing and finally the nut stops the medical specialty and it does non, hence, aid ( George, 2005 ) . Nevertheless, viing dependences for case, dolophine hydrochl oride care in maltreatment of diacetylmorphine facilitate bar of backsliding because they offer a replacement ( a carrot or a stick ) . AA besides was initiated on the construct that, in contrast, imprisonment as a method of cut downing backsliding to heroin maltreatment has ne’er worked ( Richard, 2001 ) . This is because penalty entirely does non alter deep-rooted wonts. Alcoholics Anonymous acknowledges what all behaviourists know, and it understands what many parents and physicians forget that such dastardly wonts taking to dependences necessitate replacements ( George, 2005 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous on this note provides supervising every bit good as a gratifying agenda of service activities every bit good as societal penchants in the presence of now-healed alkies, peculiarly at times of high hazard given an illustration of vacations ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . On the same statement, AA operates on the thought that new love relationships are critical to full recovery. It seems critical for ex-addicts to bond with other individuals who they have ne’er met or hurt in the yesteryear and to who they do non hold deep emotionally dealingss or in debt ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, it is supportive of persons assisting them bond with other individuals who they can assist and have aid. Alcoholic Anonymous meetings comparatively are full of sober former pub-crawlers that the nuts befriend but individuals who one does non owe ( George, 2005 ) . On the same note, an AA patron, similar to a new partner, promotes the bar of a backsliding better than many other enduring members whom they torture for old ages. The common characteristic in recovery from any signifier of dependence is the find of spiritualty. This is intensely controversial and surges a het argument. Inspirational, selfless person, group rank every bit good as belief in a greater power than ‘me ‘ seem critical to recovery from all sorts of dependence. In the Religious Experience, William foremost articulated the relationship between a recovery from alcohol addiction and spiritual transitions. As Carl Jung directed the AA cofounder Bill Wilson: The cosmopolitan theoretical account that Frank describes in his plants, Healing and Persuasion, for effectual psychotherapeutics resembles religious mending closely ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In Frank ‘s theoretical account, the therapist should hold the ideal position ( for illustration a few old ages of abstention ) , be equipped with legion unambiguous conceptual theoretical accounts of the debatable issues ( for illustration, AA ‘s Big Book ) and must make in the patient remedy anticipation ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholics ‘ Anonymous assemblies, after all, are the topographic points across the Earth, which are populated dumbly by alkies with soberness ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Finally, Frank argues that in group therapy complete healing came from people caring for one another, non oneself. The Twelfth Step of AA delivers a message of mending. But there are other grounds that in the ideal dependences spiritualty is critical for bar of backsliding ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . First, there is a ample difference between a connexion of mending in religious communities and with a hierarchal clinical psychologist or spiritual leader ( George, 2005 ) . In autocratic faith every bit good as in medical specialty, the wise priest or physician asks the sinful, unenlightened patients or ill to wallow in dependence alleviating their past losingss and cholers. In contrast AA and other ideal democratic religious communities have a flat playing land. One of the Akron rummies in the early yearss, to whom Dr. Bob brought their message of retrieving from alcoholic, expressed the reciprocality good that people speaking to him wanted to assist him, and his pride prevented him from listening to them ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Second, spiritualty influences single behaviours, non through ground but by its emotion entreaty. Four central surveies have provided cogent evidence that, after control of variables like intoxicant ingestion prohibition, spiritual engagement when the younger coevals reduces coffin nail ingestion and intoxicant when at grownup coevals ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Religious prohibition of usage of intoxicant ( for case Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss in Islam in Saudi Arabia and Utah ) has been all along successful ( George, 2005 ) . In contrast, prohibition against intoxicant ingestion by the authorities has been less effectual ( for illustration, prohibition in America in the 1920s and in the 1990s in Soviet Union ) . Third, alkies and nuts unlike most evildoers are non raging ( Monica A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Alcoholics have inflicted tremendous hurting frequently every bit good as hurt on others. Therefore, when sober, the nut may see guilt from the anguish, which they inflict on others ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Even though a hapless tranquillizer and an antidepressant, intoxicant are likely the most powerful solvent ideally for a guilty scruples, which modern pharmacological medicine has devised. Therefore, absolution from guilt arbitrated by a ‘power more than ourselves ‘ generates an option to alcohol going a critical portion of the alky ‘s procedure in mending ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, spiritualty, for case human fond regard – both arbitrated by the temporal lobe and limbic circuitry may be a worthy replacing for drugs ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In other words, faith and spiritualty present a replacement to the high facilitated by drugs. Religion, Marx ‘s ‘the people ‘s opiate ‘ and Jung ‘s spiritus, perchance will be an indirect manner, which we have of actuating our limbic encephalon every bit good as its endorphins. However, efficaciousness of AA and information on the AA efficaciousness is difficult to acquire. First, as an establishment, AA is uninterested in the field of research ( Richard, 2001 ) . Second, because of unconscious competition and differences, medical research workers from several bookmans sometimes have difficult times in the appraisal of AA without prejudice ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Finally, in the procedure of their chronic upset, nuts and alkies come across many, diverse intercessions, at the same time. Therefore, unlike the instance with most drug tests, there is no absolute manner that one can carry on a controlled survey ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Until recent times, it was non clear whether AA attending resulted to abstinence or whether go toing AA was merely a manifestation of greater conformity with therapy or abstention. The overall grounds, however that AA works as a better ‘cure ‘ is converting ( George, 2005 ) . First, multiple surveies, which jointly involved more persons, suggest that absolute and effective clinical results are correlated significantly with frequence of go toing AA, with holding a patron, with chairing meetings, and with battle in a Twelve-Step work. Second, for 35 old ages I have been Director of the Study of Adult Development. From consequences in a community survey, half of the sample abused intoxicant until they died or until present. There were few clear differences separating the work forces accomplishing stable abstention from the 1s who remained alkies in a chronic province ( Monica A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Poor instruction, multi-problem, low IQ did non place the sample population that would neglect in accomplishing stable abstention. Nor did hazard factors copiousness for alcohol addiction, for case alcoholic heredity, young person hyperactivity and sociopathic behavior, endure in foretelling the chronic province ( George, 2005 ) . However, it was singular that the sample population in the satisfactory result groups indicated go toing at least 20 times as many meetings of AA as the work forces in the hapless result take parting groups ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Another multimillion-dollar survey, referred to as Project Match compared the diverse effects of interventions upon alcoholic patients geting at s everal decisions ( George, 2005 ) . Project Match indicated that in the event of the first twelvemonth AA as a intervention attack was every bit effectual as the professional options including motivational sweetening therapies and cognitive behavioural therapies. Surely, AA in some degrees was better than the cognitive, behavioural therapy. On the other manus, the Match followup besides indicated that in malice of the original intervention arm ( motivational, Twelve Steps or cognitive behavioral ) the more meetings held by AA and single attending, the better the result ( Richard, 2001 ) . However, there is a ‘scientific ‘ inquiry associating to AA efficaciousness. Even with cogent evidence that AA cures alcohol addiction, what is the degree of its safety? The inquiry aims at turn toing the AA side effects. Indeed, AA has its ideal disparagers and critics sing its operations. Designed to act upon the reptilian encephalon, the emotional linguistic communication and the rhetoric of the spiritualty of AA usher, journalists every bit good as other societal scientists fear that AA is a cult ( George, 2005 ) . Cults can take to development every bit good as instances of demagogy, and this is one large shooting used in knocking AA. They argue that faith can ensue in exclusion, war and dogmatism. Individual alkies who attend incompatible AA single groups or ally themselves with inopportune patrons sometimes are informants of horror narratives sing the family ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Many of the beliefs that members in AA express sing alcohol addiction, are similar t o the dogmas of any tradition non related to scientific discipline. For case, if work forces are followed for 40 old ages it is clear that alcohol addiction is non as usually expressed as a ‘progressive disease ‘ . Something reconstructing the safety of AA is that as an establishment, it is non a faith. The establishment has incorporated rules intentionally in an effort to avoid cultic maltreatment. Religions for case patriotism draw circles, which draw some, people out and, hence, non first-class when it comes to affairs of recovery. On the other manus, Alcoholics Anonymous draws circles, which draw others in and, hence a favourite. The AA religious foundation came from the rational experience of work forces who were profoundly leery of all faiths. These work forces, William with his Religious Experience Varieties, Carl Jung passing his prescription ideally known as ‘Spiritus contra spiritus ‘ and cofounder of AA, Dr. Robert Smith, of whom each pupils of what was mending between the prevailing faiths ( George, 2005 ) . This sort of spiritualty normally develops to love, humbleness, tolerance and awe toward the planetary existence. These are several qualities intensifying human relationships ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Surely, AA is non all about faith but more deep into other constructs. The Alcoholics Anonymous foreword categorically states: â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous is practically non a spiritual establishment. † The lone rank demand is a desire to abstain from imbibing. Alcoholics Anonymous, hence, passes the universality trial so critical in separating safe spiritualty and dividing it from dissentious faith, in the facet that spiritual strong belief does non hold the capacity to forestall rank to AA ( Richard, 2001 ) . Over the last two decennaries, AA rank increased to an estimated 10-fold in Hindu India, in Catholic Spain and in Buddhist Japan. Membership has besides been on the rise in unbelieving Russia exponentially ( Paul, Mueller, David A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Per capita, there are an estimated three times as legion AA groups in El Salvador and Costa Rica as in the America ( Monica A ; Scott, 20 00 ) . Today, at least one-third of members from AA are adult females and an estimated one-fourth are flatly less than 31 old ages old. Scholarly research fails in the designation of clear personality differences among the legion alkies who are non attenders of AA. Neither instruction nor societal category, neither mental wellness nor extraversion distinguishes the 1s utilizing AA from the 1 who do non ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The lone variable that systematically distinguishes AA members from nuts and alkies who attend professional intervention centres merely is that members of AA tend to hold had more alcohol addiction symptoms. It is of virtue noting, however, some of the peculiar ways that AA as an establishment has avoided to developing to a cult ( Monica A ; Scott, 2000 ) . First, from the beginning, AA has developed no clear differentiation between ‘the family of AA ‘ and the supreme God. There has been a tacit, if non explicit, permission ever of replacing the construct of God, with the single ‘home group ‘ . On the other manus, the AA spiritualty does non hold the capacity to vie with medical specialty ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholic Anonymous work published in books is clear that it is ‘absolutely incorrect striping any alky of medicine that are capable of relieving or commanding other disenabling emotional jobs, every bit good as a physical job ( AA Services, 2002 ) ‘ and that ‘no member of AA as an establishment, dramas physician ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) ‘ . Additionally, some worry that the establishment like cults, exerts control of the human head and removes freedom. Mark, a New York head-shrinker, defined cults as groups of personal appeal with ‘characteristics of a high societal coherence degree, a profoundly held belief system and a powerful influence on its single members ‘ behaviour ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . As Mark noted, this is true of AA as an alcoholic recovery establishment. Finally, another difference between all AA and cults is their governing construction. For cults, their features are by magnetic leaders holding infallible powers every bit good as an bossy construction of administration ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In AA ‘leaders ‘ trust is been held as retainers ; they ne’er govern ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . Most of the AA places of service are unpaid and legion occupations are rotated often so that the power consolidation ne’er occurs ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The AA organisational chart evolving is a pyramid on its caput. Responsibility places within AA are in definition, ‘service as holding no authorization ( Richard, 2001 ) ‘ and the procedures of AA statute law are democratic to a mistake. In AA, the amusive thing is that unlike in faiths and cults, they respect the minority sentiments ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A unfavorable judgment of cults, every bit good as AA, is that they hearten dependance. And so it is critical to distinguish the dependance that is AA engendered from the dependance that is cults engendered. Dependences in several countries weaken or strengthen the persons ( AA Services, 2002 ) . This is because a human being is weakened by dependance on debris nutrient, coffin nails, or slot machines. Finally, AA ‘s Twelve Traditions are a contemplation of the laminitis Bill Wilson ‘s 20-year cleft to encompass spiritualty protecting AA from developing into a cult ( Mark A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, as the instance with the early Christian Church, strives to remain hapless successfully ad, hence, works out suitably ( George, 2005 ) . Decisions In general, the function of spiritualty in alcohol addiction recovery relates to the persons ‘ publicity of achieving a meaningful life. The attacks to recovery, for case usage of speculation, spiritual revivalism, and household therapy, represent the value of extract of the person and personal significance into the procedure of recovery. All the several attacks associate with the factors termed nonspecific frequently underlying the healing effects apparent across diverse psychotherapeutics schools. It is, nevertheless, arguable that religious influence is one of the major constructs on recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous. It is a procedure affecting the 12 stairss as illustrated in this treatment. It is absolute that spiritualty is peculiarly a latent concept ; one inferred from legion constituent dimensions, for case societal psychological science, intervention result and neurophysiology research. Mechanisms that relate to its function in recovery publicity in AA are in treatmen t from diverse position and use to single otherwise. What is clear is that Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) being an old pattern has been first-class and successful and continues to keep land as an attack to cut down alcohol addiction. How to cite Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples